Doctors of the Church

(Lat. Doctores Ecclesiae) -- Certain ecclesiastical writers have received this title

on account of the great advantage the whole Church has derived from their

doctrine. In the Western church four eminent Fathers of the Church attained this

honour in the early Middle Ages: St. Gregory the Great, St. Ambrose, St.

Augustine, and St. Jerome. The "four Doctors" became a commonplace among

the Scholastics, and a decree of Boniface VIII (1298) ordering their feasts to be

kept as doubles in the whole Church is contained in his sixth book of Decretals

(cap. "Gloriosus", de relique. et vener. sanctorum, in Sexto, III, 22).

In the Eastern Church three Doctors were pre-eminent: St. John Chrysostom, St.

Basil, and St. Gregory Nazianzen. The feasts of these three saints were made

obligatory throughout the Eastern Empire by Leo VI, the Wise, the deposer of

Photius. A common feast was later instituted in their honour on 30 January,

called "the feast of the three Hierarchs". In the Menaea for that day it is related

that the three Doctors appeared in a dream to John, Bishop of Euchaitae, and

commanded him to institute a festival in their honour, in order to put a stop to the

rivalries of their votaries and panegyrists. This was under Alexius Comnenus

(1081-1118; see"Acta SS.", 14 June, under St. Basil, c. xxxviii). But sermons for

the feast are attributed in manuscripts to Cosmas Vestitor, who flourished in the

tenth century. The three are as common in Eastern art as the four are in

Western. Durandus (i, 3) remarks that Doctors should be represented with books

in their hands. In the West analogy led to the veneration of four Eastern Doctors,

St. Athanasius being very properly added to the three hierarchs.

To these great names others have subsequently been added. The requisite

conditions are enumerated as three: eminens doctrina, insignis vitae sanctitas,

Ecclesiae declaratio (i.e. eminent learning, a high degree of sanctity, and

proclamation by the Church). Benedict XIV explains the third as a declaration by

the supreme pontiff or by a general council. But though general councils have

acclaimed the writings of certain Doctors, no council has actually conferred the

title of Doctor of the Church. In practice the procedure consists in extending to

the universal church the use of the Office and Mass of a saint in which the title of

doctor is applied to him. The decree is issued by the Congregation of Sacred

Rites and approved by the pope, after a careful examination, if necessary, of the

saint's writings. It is not in any way an ex cathedra decision, nor does it even

amount to a declaration that no error is to be found in the teaching of the Doctor.

It is, indeed, well known that the very greatest of them are not wholly immune

from error. No martyr has ever been included in the list, since the Office and the

Mass are for Confessors. Hence, as Benedict XIV points out, St. Ignatius, St.

Irenaeus, and St. Cyprian are not called Doctors of the Church.

The proper Mass of Doctors has the Introit "In medio", borrowed from that of the

Theologus par excellence, St. John the Evangelist, together with special prayers

and Gospel. The Credo is said. The principal peculiarity of the Office is the

antiphon to the Magnificat at both Vespers, "O DOCTOR OPTIME", and it is

rather by this antiphon than by the special mass that a saint is perceived to be a

doctor (S.R.C., 7 Sept., 1754). In fact, St. John Damascene has a Mass of his

own, while Athanasius, Basil, Leo, and Cyril of Jerusalem have not the Gospel of

Doctors, and several have not the collect.

The feasts of the four Latin Doctors were not added to until the sixteenth century,

when St. Thomas Aquinas was declared a Doctor by the Dominican St. Pius V in

his new edition of the Breviary (1568), in which the feasts of the four Greek

Doctors were also raised to the rank of doubles. The Franciscan Sixtus V (1588)

added St. Bonaventure.

St. Anselm was added by Clement XI (1720), St. Isidore by Innocent XIII (1722),

St. Peter Chrysologus by Benedict XIII (1729), St. Leo I (a well-deserved but

belated honour) by Benedict XIV (1754), St. Peter Damian by Leo XII (1828), and

St. Bernard by Pius VIII (1830). Pius IX gave the honour to St. Hilary (1851) and

to two more modern saints, St. Alphonsus Liguori (1871) and St. Francis de

Sales (1877). Leo XIII promoted (1883) the Easterns, St. Cyril of Alexandria, St.

Cyril of Jerusalem, and St. John Damascene, and the Venerable Bede (1899).

[Editor's note: Benedict XV added St. Ephraem (1920). Pius XI promoted St.

Peter Canisius (1925), St. John of the Cross (1926), St. Robert Bellarmine

(1931), and St. Albertus Magnus (1931), Pius XII added St. Anthony of Padua

(1946). John XXIII named St. Lawrence of Brindisi (1959), and in 1970 Paul VI

added St. Teresa of Avila and St. Catherine of Siena. John Paul II added St.

Thérèse of Lisieux in 1997.]

Leo XIII, when, in 1882, he introduced the simplification of double feasts, made

an exception for Doctors, whose feasts are always to be transferred.

There are therefore now [1997] thirty-three Doctors of the Church, of whom eight

are Eastern and twenty-four Western. They include two Carmelites, two Jesuits,

three Dominicans, three Franciscans, a Redemptorist, and five Benedictines. For

some of these the Office had previously been granted to certain places or

orders--St. Peter Damian to the Camaldolese, St. Isidore to Spain, St. Bede to

England and to all Benedictines. St. Leander of Seville and St. Fulgentius are

kept as Doctors in Spain, and the former by Benedictines also, as he was in

earlier times claimed as a monk. St. Ildephonsus has the Introit "In medio" in the

same order (for the same reason) and in Spain without the rank of Doctor.

POHLE in Kirchliches Handlexikon (Munich, 1907). II, 384; FESSLER-JUNGMANN, Instit.

Patrologiae (Innsbruck, 1890); BARDENHEWER, Patrology, tr. SHAHAN (Freiburg im Br., St. Louis,

1908), 2-3. On the early Latin Doctors see WEYMAN in Hist. Jahrbuch (1894), XV, 96; and in Rev.

d'hist. et de litt. religieuses (1898) III, 562; for the Greek Doctors see NILLES in Zeitschrift f. kath.

Theologie (1894), XVIII, 742. See also BOUVY, Les Peres de l'Eglise in Rev. Augustinienne (1904)

461-86, and PESCH Praelect. Dogmat. (Freiburg, 1903), 346 sqq.

JOHN CHAPMAN

Transcribed by Gerard Haffner

The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume V

Nihil Obstat, May 1, 1909. Remy Lafort, Censor

Imprimatur. +John M. Farley, Archbishop of New York